For Clinicians | Power Outage Medical Readiness 

Insulin Storage, Oxygen Backup, and Planning for Days Without Power

By Dr. Jamie Wilkey, PharmD — Director of Clinical Strategy, Jase
Medically reviewed by Kristen Carpenter, PA-C — Clinical Advisory Board Member

Why are power outages lasting so much longer now?

I lost power three times in two weeks this month out here in Utah. Two different accommodations, hours-long each time. And neither was some rural place where electricity could kinda expect to be spotty. Just normal neighborhoods in my wild-fire infested Utah. The kind of thing that used to be a flicker, the microwave clock blinking, back on before you’d even found the flashlight. Not anymore.

Here’s what changed, and it changed on purpose. Across the West, when Red Flag fire conditions hit, utilities now switch off the automatic reclosers that used to snap a line back on within seconds of a fault. The logic is sound: a recloser that re-energizes a downed wire into dry brush is exactly how you start a wildfire. So the line stays dead until a crew physically patrols and inspects the circuit before restoring it. That turns a few-second blip into hours, and a genuine fault into days. Xcel’s December shutoffs on the Colorado Front Range came back over days, not hours. And storms and grid strain are doing the same thing in plenty of places that have never heard the term Red Flag.

For most households, that’s an inconvenience. A spoiled fridge, a tense night, some swearing at the breaker box. For a patient on insulin, home oxygen, or a ventilator, the gap between “a few hours” and “a few days” is the gap between fine and a real crisis. And the mental model most of us still counsel from, the fridge holds a couple hours so you’ll be okay, was built for the short outage that’s on its way out.

That’s the shift I want to talk about today. Outages are getting longer, in some places by design, and the patients who can least afford a long one are the same ones we send home with the most temperature-sensitive medications and the most power-hungry devices.The medical side is missing a space. Our medical side has three parts: the medications, the devices, and the systems most patients have never heard of. We’ll take them by acuity, because that’s how you’d triage it anyway.

How long is insulin safe out of the fridge?

Of course we have to start with the big kahuna: insulin, because it’s the one patients panic over and the one where a wrong answer in either direction does harm. The FDA numbers are more forgiving than most patients expect, and stricter than most realize in one specific spot. Vials and cartridges, opened or unopened, hold up unrefrigerated at 59 to 86F for up to 28 days and keep working.¹ The exception that catches people: insulin already in a pump reservoir or tubing is good for only 48 hours, and insulin that’s been diluted or drawn out of the manufacturer’s vial should go within two weeks.¹ All of it assumes the product is still within its expiration date, and is product-specific. Read the label that’s actually in the patient’s hand, not a general number in your head.

Then widen out, because insulin isn’t the only thing in the door of that fridge. Most refrigerated meds want 36 to 46F. A closed refrigerator holds a safe temperature for only about two to four hours once the power’s out, and a full freezer that remains shut buys you roughly 48 hours. After that, the move is a cooler with ice packs as long as the medication is kept off direct contact with the ice. Which brings us to the one instruction nobody should ever get wrong: do not freeze these medications to be safe. Freezing destroys insulin and a long list of biologics outright. The patient who buries a vial in the freezer to be extra careful has just ruined it. Dang it!

And here’s the caveat that should change how we counsel, straight out of a 2025 review of room-temperature stability across 150 refrigerated drugs: stability is drug- and brand-specific, and the same active ingredient can behave differently from one manufacturer to the next.² Worse, a degraded medication can look and smell completely normal. No cloudiness, no off color, nothing to catch by eye. So the cold chain can’t be judged by appearance, and “it looked fine” is not clearance. The real counseling line is: tell me your exact product, how warm it got, and for how long, and we’ll check it against the manufacturer’s data instead of your eyes.

Plenty else in that fridge is temperature-sensitive too: biologics like adalimumab and etanercept, many vaccines, some liquid antibiotics, certain eye drops. The pattern holds for all of them. Know the specific product’s window, keep it cold without freezing it, and when there’s any doubt, the pharmacist has the manufacturer’s stability data so the patient isn’t guessing.

Oxygen, ventilators, and CPAP: build the backup plan before the lights go

Now to the devices, where the stakes spread across a wide range, so we triage by acuity.

At the top are ventilators and home oxygen. For these patients, a long outage isn’t an inconvenience, it’s an emergency, because the equipment has to keep running. The most useful thing we can do is make sure they have a written backup plan, worked out with their equipment supplier before the power ever goes out. A good plan answers three questions: how long the backup battery lasts, whether there’s a backup oxygen supply that doesn’t need electricity, and where this patient goes if the power stays out. The supplier builds the plan. We’re usually the one who has to tell the patient to ask for it, because most never have.

One thing worth flagging to them: not every generator or battery can safely run a medical device. Some will damage the equipment, some just won’t power it.³ So the plan shouldn’t assume the generator in the garage will do the job. Have the patient confirm the right backup equipment with their supplier, and test it once before they’re counting on it in the dark.

Then there’s CPAP and BiPAP, and here I get to lower the temperature a little. These run 30 to 90 watts, they run at night, and a missed night or two, while nobody’s idea of a good time, is not a life-threatening event for the large majority of users. So the counseling here is mostly reassurance plus one practical option: a CPAP battery pack, the kind that covers a night or two, is cheap insurance and easy to keep charged. The CPAP population is huge, and a lot of them are carrying more worry about an outage than the clinical risk actually warrants. Telling them that, plainly, is its own kind of care.

What is the medical baseline program, and the other systems you can put in motion?

Here’s the part most patients have never heard of, and the part where you, specifically, can do something today. There’s a whole support layer behind all of this that most people never see, and the clinician (hey, you!) is often the one who unlocks it.

The medical baseline program (some utilities call it a life-support registry) is the big one. It’s a utility program the patient enrolls in, and it usually takes a licensed clinician’s signature to certify they depend on electricity for medical equipment: oxygen, a ventilator, CPAP, dialysis, a feeding pump, a powered wheelchair. Once they’re enrolled, depending on the utility, they get an extra energy allowance, advance notice of planned shutoffs, and sometimes priority for restoration.⁴ Benefits vary by utility and state, but the form is short and you’re the one who signs it. It may be the highest-leverage five minutes you can spend for an electricity-dependent patient.

A few more worth keeping in your back pocket:

• Emergency refills. During a declared emergency, pharmacists in many states can dispense an emergency supply, often up to 30 days, without a fresh prescription. And HHS’s EPAP program provides a free 30-day supply to uninsured people in federally-declared disaster areas.⁵ Patients rarely know either one exists.
• A buffer supply. Push for at least a 7-day cushion of essential medications, 30 days if their plan allows it. The patient living refill-to-refill is the one a long outage hurts first.
• A current medication list + the pharmacy where the medications are filled. Written down, on paper, kept with them. When someone gets displaced to a shelter or a relative’s house, that list is what lets the next clinician or pharmacist help fast.

And for scale, so none of this feels like an edge case: the federal emPOWER program counts more than 4.6 million electricity-dependent Medicare beneficiaries living independently.⁶ That’s a large, mapped, known-to-be-at-risk population, and some of them are sitting in your case load right now.

Appropriate medical preparation, applied to the grid

Step back from the parts of power outages here and look at the shape of the thing. Everything above is the same move: get the plan in place before access breaks, not during. The buffer supply and the written med list from a minute ago, the backup plan with the DME supplier, the registry form, all of it is preparation done while the lights are still on, so a long outage is something the patient is ready for instead of something happening to them.

That’s the whole idea behind how we think about the JaseCase, and it works in two layers. Layer one is the patient’s own medications: a real buffer of what they take every day, plus that current, written list. Layer two is contingency medications for the acute things that don’t wait for the power company, the infection or the injury that shows up at hour thirty of a blackout when nothing’s open and nobody’s reachable.

Let’s be clear about what the kit is and isn’t, because the temptation in an article like this is to overclaim. The JaseCase does not refrigerate insulin and is not a fix for the cold chain. If your patient’s question is “how do I keep my insulin cold for three days,” the answer is the cooler, the pharmacist, and the registry, not a kit. What the kit is, is the contingency layer: a prescribed, clinician-built set of medications for the predictable acute problems, ready before access is the thing standing in the way.

That’s appropriate medical preparation applied to the grid. We’re a family team of physicians, PAs, and pharmacists, and the standard is the same one running through this whole article: clinically grounded, calm, planned in advance, and a complement to the patient’s own clinicians, never a replacement for them. A longer-outage world doesn’t change that standard. It just makes the case for it harder to argue with.

Last Points

Outages aren’t what they used to be. In a lot of places they run longer now, sometimes on purpose, and the patients who feel it first are the ones depending on a cold medication or a powered device. The good news: almost none of this takes heroics. It takes a plan made early.

So the next time you’ve got a patient on insulin, oxygen, a ventilator, or CPAP in front of you, take the two minutes. Tell them their specific medication’s storage window and where to confirm it. Make sure the device-dependent ones have a real backup plan with their supplier. Sign the medical-baseline form. Nudge the buffer supply and the written med list. None of it is hard, and all of it has to happen while the power is still on.

That’s the whole point. The work of being ready for a long outage gets finished before the lights go out, or it doesn’t get done at all.

Sources

1. FDA. Information Regarding Insulin Storage and Switching Between Products in an Emergency. Vials and cartridges (opened or unopened) may be left unrefrigerated at 59-86F for up to 28 days and keep working; insulin in a pump reservoir or tubing should be discarded after 48 hours; insulin diluted or removed from the manufacturer’s vial within 2 weeks. (Pairs with CDC, Managing Insulin in an Emergency.) https://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergency-preparedness-drugs/information-regarding-insulin-storage-and-switching-between-products-emergency
2. Stability of Refrigerated Medications at Room Temperature: Implications for Transport, Delivery, and Patient Safety. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e93213. Of 150 refrigerated medications with room-temperature stability data, 22.8% remained stable for at least 24 hours; stability varied by brand even among products with the same active ingredient, so brand-specific data must be prioritized; degradation is not visually detectable. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12465357/
3. American Lung Association. Preparing for a Power Outage as a Medical Device User. Ventilator users need a manual resuscitation bag plus external batteries and a plan to relocate; oxygen suppliers should provide non-electric backup tanks; CPAP/BiPAP users need a battery or car adapter; notify the utility of life-sustaining equipment and confirm any generator can safely run the device. https://www.lung.org/blog/power-outage-preparation
4. PG&E / California Public Utilities Commission. Medical Baseline Program. Clinician-certified enrollment for households dependent on electricity for medical equipment; provides an additional energy allowance at the lowest rate and, depending on the utility, outage notification and restoration priority. Benefits and eligibility vary by utility and state. https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/consumer-support/financial-assistance-savings-and-discounts/medical-baseline
5. HHS ASPR. Emergency Prescription Assistance Program (EPAP): a free 30-day supply of medications, supplies, and limited DME for uninsured people in a federally-declared disaster area, renewable while the program is active. NABP Model Rules and many state boards also permit pharmacists to dispense an emergency supply (commonly up to 30 days) during declared emergencies. https://aspr.hhs.gov/EPAP/Pages/epap-for-patients.aspx
6. HHS emPOWER Program (ASPR and CMS). More than 4.6 million Medicare beneficiaries live independently and rely on electricity-dependent durable medical or assistive equipment, or essential health services; the data and maps are used by public-health authorities in all 50 states. https://empowerprogram.hhs.gov/

For Clinicians | What Summer Heat Actually Does to Your Patients’ Medications

By Dr. Jamie Wilkey, PharmD — Director of Clinical Strategy, Jase
Medically reviewed by Kristen Carpenter, PA-C — Clinical Advisory Board Member

Most patients don’t call about how to store their medications. They Google it. They land on WebMD or a Reddit thread, depending on what SEO surfaces that morning, and they read whatever shows up first. The one exception is cold-chain medications. Insulin and GLP-1 questions do come into the office or the pharmacy, usually right before a vacation or right after a fridge incident, because the bottle says “refrigerate” in big letters and the patient knows it costs a lot. Everything else, the prescription bottle just says “store at room temperature” and the patient extrapolates from there.

But medications are some of the most valuable, fragile things in the average household that don’t play well with a boiling hot summer. A 90-day supply of a maintenance drug, an EpiPen, a JaseCase on the shelf, a vial of insulin in the door of the fridge: these are the household items that matter most on the day something goes wrong, and they’re surprisingly easy to degrade. Summer is hard on all of them. Heat, humidity, light, and the slow accumulation of a parked-car afternoon all chip at potency in ways the label doesn’t quite explain. A brush-up on the basics is overdue: so we have something clean to say when a patient does ask, and because every prescribing clinician should be able to answer this kind of question without scrambling.

So we wrote the answer. Below is everything that actually matters about summer medication storage: what heat does, where patients should keep their medications at home, the room-temperature windows for refrigerated medications that most labels underestimate, how to travel with all of it, and the cold-chain devices worth knowing by name. Read it yourself, or send the link to patients with a lot of questions.

What does heat actually do to medications?

Heat speeds up the chemical breakdown of the active ingredient. The molecule degrades faster than it would at room temperature, the medication loses potency, and the same pill or vial does less of what it’s supposed to do. For tablets and capsules, prolonged heat can also soften capsule shells and damage the stabilizers that keep the active ingredient intact between manufacture and ingestion. For biologics and protein medications like insulin and monoclonal antibodies, proteins unfold under heat and the medication loses activity in a way that’s harder to reverse than potency loss in a tablet.

The risk is almost always reduced potency, not toxicity. The medication does less, not something different. That distinction carries the rest of this article.

USP storage definitions are simpler than the label suggests:

• Room temperature: 68 to 77°F
• Brief excursions to 86°F: explicitly tolerated
• Sustained above 86°F: stability concerns start
• Sustained above 104°F: real degradation territory for most medications

The frame that carries every storage conversation is brief excursion vs. sustained exposure. Most of us learned this in some form in school, but the prescription label doesn’t carry the math; it just says “store at room temperature” and stops there.

The most useful number anyone can carry: a 2018 ASU and UC San Diego study found that on a 100°F day in direct sun, a car interior reaches an average of 116°F within an hour.¹ Dashboards hit 157°F. Even on a 72°F day, a closed car parked in the sun can reach 117°F within 60 minutes. About 80% of the temperature rise happens in the first 30 minutes.² The car isn’t a controlled-room-temperature environment. It’s an oven with windows.

For most medications, what actually matters is the answer to two questions: how hot did it get, and for how long. A single afternoon on a hot passenger seat is closer to “excursion” than “sustained exposure” for most solid oral dosage forms in their original packaging. A summer in the glove compartment is the opposite. The line to teach patients, and the one to keep in our own heads, is the difference between an excursion and a season.

Where should medications actually live at home?

The two most popular places to store medications are also two of the worst: the bathroom medicine cabinet and the kitchen counter or cabinet. Each fails for a different reason.

Bathrooms run hot and humid. Measured temperatures range from 57 to 89°F and relative humidity from 33 to 100%, with shower steam pushing the high end well past pharmaceutical tolerances.³ Pills absorb water and capsule shells soften. Dissolution profiles shift and pharmacokinetics get less predictable. The “don’t store meds in the bathroom” advice is one of the few storage rules that’s actually right, even if most patients haven’t heard it explained.

Kitchens fail differently. Measured temperatures range from 61 to 97°F. Cooking heat and sink humidity spike unpredictably; an open oven or a warm dishwasher can push the room well above room-temperature thresholds in minutes.³ A 2023 case report documented enzalutamide degrading in a patient’s kitchen at sustained temperatures of 32 to 34°C, a real outcome from a perfectly normal storage location.⁴ Kitchens look benign on a 70°F morning. The medications inside don’t stay benign through a few weeks of summer.

Glove compartments and garages are the worst of the lot in summer. Glove compartment heat accumulates and is documented as unsuitable for any drug storage. Garages in heat-wave conditions routinely exceed 104°F for days at a time, which is the threshold where stability concerns become guarantees.

The FDA’s recommended locations are mundane on purpose: a bedroom dresser drawer, a closet shelf, a storage box, or a kitchen cabinet that’s away from the stove and the sink.⁵ The dresser drawer is the consistent winner: cool, dark, dry, and out of reach of shower steam. A JaseCase belongs there too. The kit is room-temperature stable as designed; it just needs a sensible address.

Mail-order pharmacy and the summer porch

Mail-order pharmacy is now standard for millions of patients, and that matters in summer. A package leaving an Express Scripts or OptumRx fulfillment center in July spends hours in a non-climate-controlled truck, then more hours sitting on a porch in the sun before anyone brings it inside.

Internal package temperatures in summer delivery trucks and on porches have been measured at over 100°F in 2024 investigations.⁶ For solid oral medications in original packaging, a single hot transit is closer to “excursion” than “sustained exposure” and usually doesn’t matter. For biologics and refrigerated medications, every hour above label tolerance matters.

We ship by mail too. If a Jase package lands on a 95°F porch, the right move is to bring it inside as soon as it arrives, not when the lawn gets watered or the dog gets walked. Pharmacy counters see the back end of the same problem: patients picking up a prescription, walking to a hot car, running errands for two more hours before they get home. The trip from that pharmacy counter to the drawer at home matters too.

What does light do to medications?

UV light degrades the active ingredient in many medications the same way heat does, just through a different mechanism. The amber tint on prescription bottles is the simplest defense pharma has built into the supply chain: it blocks the wavelengths most likely to break down photosensitive drugs. The bottles are orange for a reason. It isn’t aesthetic or because pharmacists love the color orange.

Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole both carry explicit “protect from light” guidance. Doxycycline does too, and adds patient phototoxicity on top: the exaggerated sunburn from minimal sun exposure that we warn patients about at prescription or pickup.⁷ The same UV that’s bad for the patient is also bad for the drug.

The practical implication: keep antibiotics in their original packaging until use. Pill organizers are fine for daily-use chronic medications taken every morning, but they’re a poor home for an antibiotic that might sit there for months. Original amber bottle or original blister pack. 

Does refrigerating medications make them last longer?

The patient logic is easy to reconstruct: cold keeps food fresh longer, so cold should keep pills fresh longer. Old antibiotics, expensive maintenance meds, anything the patient wants to “stay good” ends up in the refrigerator door next to the ketchup. Ask anyone who has done a brown-bag medication review.

The chemistry instinct isn’t wrong. Cold does slow degradation. The problem is everything else about a refrigerator. It’s a high-humidity box, and every trip out of it sets a cold bottle in a warm room, where condensation forms on and inside the container. For tablets and capsules, moisture is a worse enemy than mild warmth: hygroscopic tablets absorb water, capsule shells soften, and dissolution shifts, the same failure mode as the bathroom shelf. Aspirin is the classic example. Hydrolysis breaks it into salicylic acid and acetic acid, which is why an old bottle smells faintly of vinegar.

Two more points worth having ready at the counter:

1. Refrigeration doesn’t extend the expiration date. Stability testing assumes room temperature, and the date on the bottle is the date no matter where it sits. The cold may slow the chemistry a little, but the patient can’t bank that time, and the moisture exposure can outrun whatever it adds.
2. Some medications actively don’t tolerate cold. Clarithromycin suspension is the standard counterexample: refrigerate it and it thickens and turns intensely bitter, which is why the label says not to. Amoxicillin suspension, meanwhile, goes in the fridge for taste. The label decides, not the drug category.

Refrigerate what the label tells you to refrigerate, nothing else.
Everything else does better in the drawer.

How long do refrigerated medications last at room temperature?

Insulin and GLP-1s are the top medications that patients ask about the most, with the refrigerated biologics (Humira, Dupixent, Enbrel) close behind. Anything that lives in the fridge gets the patient’s full attention, because the bottle says so and the price tag enforces the lesson. The question we get most often is the one with the cleanest answer: how long can this sit at room temperature?

Room-temperature windows at or below 86°F (30°C):

• NovoLog (insulin aspart): 28 days
• Levemir (insulin detemir): 42 days
• Toujeo (insulin glargine U-300): 56 days
• Humira (adalimumab): 14 days
• Dupixent (dupilumab): 14 days
• Enbrel (etanercept): 30 days, in original carton
• Insulin in a pump at body temperature: 7 days

These windows are conservative. The 2025 Cureus review of 150 FDA-approved refrigerated medications found that around 60% are stable at room temperature for between a week and a month, often longer than the label permits.⁸ The labeled window is what we use for patient guidance because it’s what the manufacturer will stand behind. Real-world stability is usually more generous. We stay on the label, but we don’t pretend it’s the only data.

The fridge isn’t a free pass either. A 230-patient sensor study found that about a quarter of household refrigerators expose insulin to sub-freezing temperatures, usually on the back wall or on the shelf next to the freezer.⁹ Average exposure is roughly three hours per month, which adds up over a year. The safe spot is the middle of the fridge, on a center shelf, away from the freezer wall. Where you store it matters as much as whether you store it.

Does a hot car ruin an EpiPen?

Almost certainly not, if it was an afternoon. A 2016 systematic review in Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology analyzed brief heat and cold excursions and found that single short exposures to temperatures outside the labeled range do not produce meaningful epinephrine degradation, and do not warrant replacing the auto-injector.¹⁰ Brief freezing did not show significant degradation either, though the label still says don’t freeze for a separate reason: a frozen glass syringe can crack.

Sustained heat is the real problem. Bench studies show meaningful degradation after 240 hours at 70°C, the kind of exposure that comes from leaving an auto-injector in a glove compartment for a whole season, not an afternoon at a soccer game.¹⁰

A brief excursion doesn’t degrade the drug. Sustained exposure does. An EpiPen that spent four hours in a car on a 100°F day and then went back into the dresser drawer is almost certainly still fine. One that lived in the glove compartment from June through August is not.

Navigating TSA with insulin and other refrigerated medications

At security, the most common mistake travelers make is surrendering a gel ice pack because it’s slushy. The TSA medical-screening rules are explicit: gel ice packs in any state, even partially melted or fully thawed, are allowed if they’re medically necessary and declared.¹¹ Insulin coolers do not have to be frozen solid at screening. Liquid medications, including insulin and GLP-1 injectables, are also exempt from the 3.4-ounce limit on carry-on liquids. Pharmacists and prescribers field most of the travel questions; the instruction that matters most is the one most travelers don’t know to give: declare, don’t surrender.

A few consumer products exist for keeping refrigerated medications cool on a trip including evaporative cooling wallets, battery-powered cooling caps, and small temperature sensors that drop into any case or fridge and report to a phone app. Useful as a verification layer when a patient wants to know whether their cooler held, or whether the hotel fridge dropped below freezing overnight.

The bottom line

Summer is hard on medications because most patients don’t think about storage as part of the prescription. The basics carry most of the weight: keep medications in their original packaging, in a cool dry drawer away from the bathroom and the kitchen and the car, and bring mail-order packages inside as soon as they arrive. Cold-chain medications get their own playbook: room-temp windows on the label, a cooling wallet or cap on the road, and gel packs declared at TSA.

This is what we mean by appropriate medical preparation: the everyday work that makes a household ready before the day something goes wrong. It’s a complement to primary care, not a substitute. Send this to your patients ahead of the busy, hot summer travel days.

Sources

1. Vanos JK et al. Evaluating the impact of solar radiation on pediatric heat balance within enclosed, hot vehicles. Temperature, 2018. https://news.asu.edu/20180516-discoveries-asu-study-hot-cars-can-hit-deadly-temperatures-within-one-hour
2. McLaren C, Null J, Quinn J. Heat stress from enclosed vehicles: moderate ambient temperatures cause significant temperature rise in enclosed vehicles. Pediatrics, 2005;116(1):e109-12. https://www.kidsandcars.org/document_center/download/hot-cars/2005-07-01-heat-stress-enclosed-veh-study.pdf
3. Household storage temperature and humidity ranges for kitchens and bathrooms. PMC8326694. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8326694/
4. Enzalutamide degradation in a household kitchen at sustained temperatures of 32-34°C: case report, 2023. PMC10192985. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10192985/
5. US Food and Drug Administration. Don’t Be Tempted to Use Expired Medicines. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/dont-be-tempted-use-expired-medicines
6. Mail-order pharmacy heat investigations: Advisory Board, 2024 (https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2024/08/19/mail-order-drugs); North Carolina Health News, 2024 (https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2024/08/22/extreme-heat-mail-order-medicine-temperature-tracking/)
7. Drug storage and stability: photosensitive medications and packaging considerations. em-consulte. https://www.em-consulte.com/article/513841/drug-storage-and-stability
8. Room-temperature stability of FDA-approved refrigerated medications: a review of 150 products. Cureus, 2025. PMC12465357. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465357/
9. In-use stability of insulin and household refrigerator temperature monitoring in 230 patients. PMC7783014. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7783014/
10. Kassel L et al. Stability of epinephrine in auto-injectors after exposure to temperature excursions: systematic review. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 2016. https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(16)30130-2/fulltext
11. US Transportation Security Administration. Medical screening guidelines for travelers with medications and medical devices. https://www.tsa.gov/travel/security-screening/whatcanibring/medical